Cancer Therapy & Radiation Oncology

Cancer can occur anywhere in the body. The most common spots of cancer among men include prostate, lung, colon, stomach, rectum and liver. And those for among women are breast, colon, rectum, stomach, cervix and lung. Cancers are habitually described by the body part that they devised in. However, some body parts contain multiple types of tissue, so for greater precision, cancers can additionally be classified by the type of cell that the tumour cells originated from. The type of cancer a person has needed to be known properly as different types of cancer can behave very differently and respond to different treatments.

• Breast Cancer
• Gastrointestinal Cancer
• Gynaecologic Cancers -Cervical Cancer
• Uterus Cancer
• Ovarian Cancer
• Vulvar Cancer
• Brain Cancer
• Bone Cancer

Oncology Nursing is a field involving practice encompasses the roles of direct caregiver, educator, consultant, administrator, and researcher. Oncology and cancer nursing prolongs to all care delivery sites where clients facing or at risk for emerging cancer receive health care, education, and counselling for cancer prevention, screening and detection. It also includes proper screenings and other protective practices, symptom administration, care to retain as much normal operative as possible, and supportive measures upon end of life.

• Patient Assessment & Education
• Management & Palliative Care
• Assessing Physical & Emotional Status
• Treatment Plans
• Symptom Management
• Supportive Care
• Direct Patient Care

Cancer prevention is well-defined as active methods to reduction the risk of cancer. Most of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors, and many, but not all, of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. An entity's risk of increasing cancer can be significantly reduced by healthy behaviour. Cancer Prevention Research embraces preclinical, clinical and translational research, with special attention given to molecular detection and an emphasis on building a translational bridge between the basic and clinical sciences.

• Oncogenesis
• Avoiding Risk Factors
• Changing Lifestyle Choices
• Preclinical & Clinical Research
• Early Detection Research
• Immunoprevention
• Chemo preventive Measures

Cancer Science is a therapeutic field that covers every subdivision of cancer research and therapy. Cancer was reflected as deadly disease few years ago, but now the progress has changed thanks to developments made in the cancer field. There are various therapies available now to treat and diagnose cancer. The Targeted Cancer Therapy is one of the best therapies available, in which the cancer cells are treated by targeting and inhibiting specific molecules that are responsible for tumour progression. This blocking can be done by medicine. The Cancer Case Reports shows that Stem Cell Therapy is also a productive treatment for cancer. Cancer biomarkers help in finding tumour cells and treating them. Tumour Immunology plays a vital role in finding the new approaches for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Conferences demonstrate its effort to jettison cancer from the world.

• Clinical Research
• Drug Discovery and Delivery
• Genetics, Genomics and Proteomics
• Cell, Molecular and Stem Cell Biology
• Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Hormone Replacement Therapy
• Surgery and Laparoscopy
• Molecular Targeted Therapies
• Natural Therapy and Acupuncture

The branch of Oncology dealing with Radiation therapy is defined as Radiation Oncology. Radiation oncology is a medical field that involves the organized use of radiation to treat cancer either for treatment or to reduce pain and signs caused by cancer. Radiation Oncology encompasses all aspects of research that impacts on the diagnosis of cancer using radiation. Radiation can be given as a curative modality, in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. The Radiation therapy is broadly segmented into Tele Radiotherapy, Brachy-radiotherapy and Metabolic Radiotherapy. There are three unique Radiology expert professions which are involved in exercise of radiation oncology 1. Radiation Oncologists 2. Radiation Therapists 3. Radiation Oncology Medical Physicists. These highly qualified medical consultants who use advanced tools on Cancer patients to deliver safe and effective radiation therapy with few side effects as possible.

• External Beam Radiation Therapy / Telotherapy
• Internal Radiotherapy / Brachytherapy
• Systemic Radioisotope Therapy
• Intraoperative Radiotherapy
• Radioisotope Therapy
• DIBH Technique
• Stereotactic Radiation and Radiosurgery
• Postoperative Radiotherapy

Use of Radiation to kill diseased cells has become a standard diagnosis option for a wide range of malignancies. It utilizes X-rays, gamma rays, electron beams or protons to treat cancer. Radiotherapy can be used in three modalities: – Adjuvant radiotherapy, Palliative radiotherapy and Curative radiotherapy. Among all the available Anti-cancer therapies, Radiation therapy is the most conventional method for treating Cancers. Success depends on early diagnosis, the volume and histological nature of the Cancer. Techniques in Radiation therapy include Gamma Knife surgery, Medical dosimetry, Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy, Triggered imaging radiosurgery, Brachytherapy, External Beam Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, mage-Guided Radiotherapy, radioisotope therapy, Total Body Irradiation, Total Skin Irradiation and Stereotactic body radiation therapy.

• Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
• Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
• Proton Beam Therapy
• Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

Most cancers are a set of more than a hundred syndromes that expand all the way through time in any of the body’s materials. Each type of cancer has its particular capabilities; the simple procedures that produce most cancers are pretty comparable in all sorts of the diseases. A case record is the identified document of signs and symptoms, prognosis, remedies of the exceptional wounded of positive scientific records with unique therapeutic strategies. As about 7.6 million of latest instances of malignancy documented every year, half of them are from developing countries. Case reports will be up to date from all the statistics from the beyond.

• Clinical case reports
• Rare Surgical Condition of a cancer case
• Novel Surgical Procedure
• Adverse Effects

Clinical Oncology embraces full range of Nonsurgical Cancers including the Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Palliative care and Biological targeted therapy. Clinical oncologists give Solid tumours with Chemotherapy, Conventional Radiotherapy, Brachytherapy, Biological therapy, Molecular targeted therapy and sometimes with multimodality trades that include the blend of two or more Anti-cancer therapies. Clinical oncologists regulate treatment by considering a range of aspects including tumour type, the site of the tumour, the stage of the disease and the patient’s general health. They then assess the relative merits of different diagnosis before presenting these to the patient so that an informed decision can be made. The branch also comprises the study of Cancer staging, Cancer epidemiology, Brachytherapy, Cancer biostatistics etc.

• Cancer Cell Mechanisms
• Cancer Clinical trials
• Cancer Epidemiology
• Cancer Biostatistics
• Medical Oncology
• Interpretive Oncology

Cancer is caused when cells within the body accumulate genetic mutations and start to grow in an uncontrolled manner. Understanding how cancer develops and progresses, including how gene mutations drive the growth and spread of cancer cells, and how tumours interact with their surrounding environment, is vital for the discovery of new targeted cancer treatments.

•           Tumour Biology

•           Cancer Epigenetics

•           Oncogenes & Proto-oncogenes

•           Tumour Suppressor Genes

A cancer biomarker refers to a constituent or method that is indicative of the existence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be a molecule concealed by a tumour or a particular response of the body to the existence of cancer. Epigenetic, proteomic, genetic, glycomic, and imaging biomarkers can be recycled for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. While some cancer biomarkers can be used to forecast how violently your cancer will grow, and are therefore useful for evaluating your prognosis, the most favourable use of biomarkers today is to recognize which therapies a patient’s cancer may or may not react to.

• Diagnostic Biomarkers
• Tumour Suppressors Biomarkers
• Predictive & Prognostic Biomarkers
• Companion Biomarker
• Biomarkers in Cancer Research
• Biomarkers in Medicine
• Risk assessment, Diagnosis

Cancer vaccines usually either treats prevailing cancer or avoids development of a cancer. Cancer treatment injections are made up of cancer cells, parts of cells, or pure antigens. Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to these substances in the lab to create the vaccines. 

• CAR T-Cell Therapy
• Oncolytic viral therapies
• Gene therapy
• Adoptive T-Cell transfer
• Oncoviruses
• Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
• HPV & Hepatitis B vaccine

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a healing intent, or it may aim to prolong life or to diminish symptoms.

• Treatment strategies
• Adverse effects
• Limitations
• Cancer Therapeutics, Novel and experimental approaches

Cancer immunology is a division of immunology that studies deals between the immune system and cancer cells. It is an arena of exploration that aims to ascertain cancer immunotherapies to treat and delay progression of the infection. Immunotherapies can be characterized as active, passive or hybrid (active and passive). The immune response, comprising the recognition of cancer-specific antigens, methods the basis of targeted therapy (such as vaccines and antibody therapies) and tumour marker-based diagnostic tests.

• Host-Tumour Relation
• Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting
• Clinical Cancer immunology
• Cancer Antigens & Vaccines
• Cellular Immunotherapy
• Antibody Therapy
• Cytokine Therapy
• Combination & Combinatorial Ablation and Immunotherapies

Diagnostics plays an important role throughout Cancer treatment. Before treatment, to accurately locate Tumours, stage the disease, and determine an appropriate combination of cancer diagnosis. Diagnostics are used to track the size of the tumour, progression of the disease, and patient response to treatment, and modify your treatment accordingly. To confirm the diagnosis of most cancers, a liquid Biopsy needs is to be performed in which a tissue sample is removed from the tumour which occurred initially and studied under a microscope for detecting cancer cells. Endoscopy can be done by implanting a flexible plastic tube with a minute camera into body cavities or organs. Cancer Screening tests are used to detect the possibility of tumour cells which is present before symptoms occur. To identify cancer at its initial stage, different types of diagnostic tests are used to Screen at-risk individuals, Monitor treatment efficacy and disease progression or recurrence, Predict prognosis and direct treatment, Monitor an asymptomatic population for the early discovery of cancer, Earlier detection and treatment consequently drops cancer mortality, Diagnose a primary cancer and recognize the cancer subtype after whole cancer treatment, to display for any signs of metastasis or recurrence.

• Cancer Biopsy
• Cancer Endoscopy
• Mammography
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• 3D Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Cancer or its dealings can lower your resistance to infection and make you more likely to catch the other diseases. There are many diverse types of cancer drugs. Some medications can treat cancer and the others help to dismiss symptoms such as aching and sickness. The type of drugs you need to use for cure of your cancer depends on what type of cancer you have. Drug therapies work in various ways to extinguish cancer cells and discontinue them from diffusion or slow down their progress. Anticancer drugs or anticancer agents are used in Cancer. Drugs may also be used to decrease or relieve side effects of cancer and its treatment.

• Cancer Drug Discovery
• Cancer Drug Delivery
• Cancer Drug Resistance
• Cancer Clinical trials
• Types of Cancer Drugs

Hematology- Oncology is the division of medicine associated to the study of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood diseases and cancer. It includes such diseases as iron deficiency anemia, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, the thalassemia, leukemia and lymphoma. The study of hematology integrates clinical and laboratory medicine. Leukemia affects your white blood cells. These are major, infection-fighting part of your immune system, made in your bone marrow. The cancerous formation affecting the lymphocytes is called as lymphoma. Lymphocytes are one of the variabilities of white blood corpuscles. As part of Myeloma, the plasma is affected by the tumor cells. Blood cancers can cause many different symptoms. Some are mutual across all blood cancers, others are more distinctive of types of blood cancer. For example, lymphomas can be recognized by swollen lymph nodes and one of the most common symptoms of myeloma is bone pain, especially in the back.

• Hematology
• Lymphoma
• Leukemia
• Myeloma
• Acute and Chronic blood cancer
• Blood transfusion

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or avoid a disease or illness. Stem Cells and Tumours cancer cells also have the characteristic which is also associated with normal stems cells. Stem Cell Therapy is using to prevent the disease. Stems cells transplant is used to treatment of cancer like leukaemia, multiple myeloma & lymphoma. Cord Blood Stem and Cancer cord blood contains haematopoietic (blood) stem cell. They have long been used in stem cell treatments for leukaemia, blood and bone marrow disorders when chemotherapy is used.

• Cancer Stem Cells
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Bone Marrow Transplantation
• CSCs and Cancer Treatment

The traditional use of nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics has been to improve the pharmacokinetics and reduce the systemic toxicities of chemotherapies through the selective targeting and delivery of these anticancer drugs to tumour tissues.

• Cancer Microenvironment
• Chemo Drugs
• Stealth Nanoparticles and Tumor Penetrating Peptides
• Vector/Host Interaction
• New Nanomaterials
• Imaging and Theranostics
• Early Diagnosis and Imaging
• Advances in Nanotechnology

Cancer pharmacology plays an important role in medication development. In both the laboratory and the hospital, cancer pharmacology has had to adjust to the changing face of drug expansion by forming experimental representations and target orientated methods. It also emphases on developing new approaches to the clinical dealing of cancer over research that bridges the arenas of molecular carcinogenesis, biochemical pharmacology, radiation biology, and clinical pharmacology. It usually involves the pharmacological and oncological aspects of drugs at both.

• Clinical Toxicology
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmacodynamics
• Drug interactions
• Cancer Drug Targets
• Molecular Carcinogenesis
• Biochemical Pharmacology
• Clinical Pharmacology

Cancer Epidemiology includes the study of the factors affecting cancer, to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology practices epidemiological methods to find the origin of cancer and to recognize and develop enhanced treatments. It can be used to recognize events that increase or decrease cancer frequency in specific populations. The studies related to population-based research on cancer etiology, prevention, surveillance and survivorship, analytical, and molecular epidemiology, survivorship studies, risk factors, as well as the role of behavioural factors in cancer etiology and prevention are also included.

• Cancer Etiology
• Health Disparities
• Genetic and molecular epidemiology
• Environmental Carcinogens
• Gene-Environment Interactions
• Cancer Risk Prediction

Cancer can be cured by different methods. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and mark of the tumour and the stage of the disease, as well as the overall state of the patient. Many experimental cancer treatments are also below development. Some people with tumors will have only one treatment. But most people have a group of treatments, such as surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.

• Radiation Therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Targeted Cancer Therapies and Treatment
• Stem Cell Therapy
• Cancer Surgery
• Hormonal Therapy
• Precision Medicine
• Palliative Care & Treatment

Oncology is a division of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cancer. Different cancers affecting different parts of the body e.g. prostate, lungs, breast, blood cells or other organs act in different way are of different results and cellular type, respond differently to treatment and have different set of effective treatment regimen. An oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer. Within oncology there are several sub-specialities that deal with different types of cancer.

• Gynaecologic Oncology
• Paediatric Oncology
• Hematologic Oncology
• Clinical Oncology
• Neuro-oncology
• Uro-Oncology
• Dermato Oncology

Precision medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient and his or her disease. Moreover, through the precision medicine approach, the treatment of each patient can be focused on drugs most likely to benefit him or her, sparing the patient the cost and potential harmful side effects from drugs that are unlikely to be beneficial. Oncology has been leading precision medicine efforts largely because of our immense knowledge of the role of genetic mutations in the development and progression of cancer. Precision medicine enables to approach detection, diagnosis and treatment in an in-depth way to determine how a cancer develops, grows and spreads. 

• Physiology & Cancer History
• Identifying Risk Factors
• Cancer Genomics & Biologic Factors
• Targeted Agents & Conventional Treatment
• New Genotyping Technologies

Alternative cancer treatments may not perform a direct role in curing your cancer, but they may help you manage with signs and symptoms affected by cancer and cancer treatments. CAM is the word for medical products and practices that are not part of standard care. Incorporating the best of evidence-based opposite and alternative cancer treatments with the actions you receive from your doctor may help release many of the symptoms related with cancer and its treatment.

• Aromatherapy
• Ayurveda
• Reflexology
• Art & Music Therapy
• Homeopathic Medicines
• Naturopathy
• Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
• Acupuncture

Many factors influence the development of cancer. Over the last 35 years, science has shown that physical activity, diet and body weight—especially being overheavy or obese is major risk influences for developing certain types of cancer. About a third of the most mutual cancers could be prohibited through lifestyle changes. The main interactive and environmental risk factors for cancer humanity in the world are related to diet use of addictive substances, sexual and generative health and contact to air pollution and use of polluted needles. The body’s capability to resist cancer may be facilitated by following a healthy diet, staying physically active, and avoiding excess body fat.  Cancer and cancer treatments can also distress your body's ability to endure certain foods and use nutrients.

• Nutrition and Supplements
• Diet and exercise
• Cancer and Environment